Genetically modified failures
June 21, 2013
Genetically modified failures
By Pat Thomas, Mark Anslow
SOURCE : NYR Natural News
Don’t believe what you hear from vested interests, rent-a-quote ‘scientists’ and’ bought’ politicians. After nearly 20 years of promises that genetically modified food would revolutionize our world, feed the hungry, boost the yields and therefore the incomes of farmers, and even cure disease, genetically modified crops have never lived up to those promises.
These are the genetically modified failures that big biotech refuses to be accountable for, doesn’t want you to know about and the reasons why we continue to say ‘NO!’ to GMOs.
Failure to deliver
Despite the hype, genetic modification consistently fails to live up to industry claims. Only two GM traits have ever made it to market – herbicide resistance and BT toxin expression. Other promises of genetic modification have failed to materialize.
Image taken from gaia-health.com
The much vaunted GM ‘golden rice’ – hailed for a decade as a cure for vitamin A deficiency and night blindness still hasn’t made it into the field. Trial plantings may go ahead in the Philippines 2013 but it remains untested in humans and now there is concern that high levels of beta carotene are unhealthy. Retinol, a breakdown product of beta-carotene which is dangerous in high doses can, in high doses, also cause carotenosis which stresses the liver and causes the skin to turn orange.
In 2004, the Kenyan government admitted that Monsanto’s GM sweet potatoes were no more resistant to feathery mottle virus than ordinary strains, and in fact produced lower yields. And in January 2008, news that scientists had modified a carrot to cure osteoporosis by providing calcium had to be weighed against the fact that you would need to eat 1.6 kilograms of these vegetables each day to meet your recommended calcium intake.
Costing the Earth
GM crops are costing farmers and governments more money than they make. A report by the Soil Association in 2003 estimated the cost to the US economy of GM crops at around $12 billion (£6 billion) since 1999, on account of inflated farm subsidies, loss of export orders and seed recalls.
A study in Iowa found that GM soya beans required all the same costs as conventional farming but, because they produced lower yields, the farmers ended up making no profit at all.
In India, an independent study found BT cotton crops were costing farmers 10% more than non-BT variants, and bringing in 40% lower profits. In India, between 2001 and 2005, more than 32,000 farmers committed suicide, a portion of the blame for these deaths have been attributed to mounting debts caused by inadequate crops.
Contamination and gene escape
These days you can never be sure that what you are eating is GM-free. An article in New Scientist admits that contamination and cross-fertilization between GM and non-GM crops “has happened on many occasions already”.
Image taken from southweb.org
In late 2007, US company Scotts Miracle-Gro was fined $500,000 by the US Department of Agriculture when genetic material from a new golf-course grass Scotts had been testing was found in native grasses as much as 13 miles away from the test sites, apparently released when freshly cut grass was caught and blown by the wind.
In 2006, an analysis of 40 Spanish conventional and organic farms found that 8 were contaminated with GM corn varieties, including one farmer whose crop contained 12.6 % GM plants.
Reliance on pesticides
Image taken from cartoonstock.com
Far from reducing dependency on pesticides and fertilizers, GM crops frequently increase farmers’ reliance on these products. Herbicide resistant crops have not reduced chemical use as promised, and recent figures show that GM crop fields required over 26% more pounds of pesticides per acre than fields planted to non-GM varieties.
However, this means that significantly higher levels of herbicide are found in the final food product, and often a second herbicide is used in the late stages of the crop to promote ‘desiccation’ or drying, meaning that these crops receive a double dose of harmful chemicals. BT maize, engineered to produce an insecticidal toxin, has never eliminated the use of pesticides, and because the BT gene cannot be ‘switched off’ the crops continue to produce the toxin right up until harvest, meaning the food reaches the consumer with the highest possible level of pesticide residue.
“Franken foods”
Despite the best efforts of the biotech industry, consumers remain staunchly opposed to GM food. In 2007, the vast majority of 11,700 responses to the Government’s consultation on whether contamination of organic food with traces of GM crops should be allowed were strongly negative.
The Government’s own ‘GM Nation’ debate in 2003 discovered that half of its participants ‘never want to see GM crops grown in the United Kingdom under any circumstances’, and 96% thought that society knew too little about the health impacts of genetic modification.
In India, farmers’ experience of BT cotton has been so disastrous that the Maharashtra government now advises that farmers grow soybeans instead. And in 2007 in Australia, over 250 food companies lodged appeals with the state governments of New South Wales and Victoria over the lifting of bans against growing GM canola crops.
Most recently a UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) survey in 2012 found that around two-thirds of respondents felt strongly that GM food should be labelled.
Breeding resistance
Nature is smart, and there are already reports of species resistant to GM.
crops emerging. This is seen in the emergence of new ‘super weeds’ on farms in North America – plants which have evolved the ability to withstand the industry’s chemicals.
A report by then UK conservation body English Nature (now Natural England) in 2002 revealed that oilseed rape plants which had developed resistance to three or more herbicides were ‘not uncommon’ in Canada. The super weeds had been created through random crosses between neighbouring GM crops. In order to tackle these super weeds, Canadian farmers were forced to resort to even stronger, more toxic herbicides.
Similarly, pests (notably the diamondback moth) have been quick to develop resistance to BT toxin, and in 2007 swarms of mealy bugs began attacking supposedly pest-resistant Indian cotton.
Creating problems for solutions
Many of the so-called ‘problems’ for which the biotechnology industry develops ‘solutions’ seem to be notions of PR rather than science.
Herbicide resistance was sold on the claim that since crops could be doused in chemicals, there would be less need to weed mechanically or plough the soil, keeping more carbon and nitrates under the surface.
But a new long-term study by the US Agricultural Research Service has shown that organic farming, even with ploughing, stores more carbon than the GM crops save. BT cotton was claimed to increase resistance to pests. But in East Africa, farmers discovered that by planting a local weed amongst their corn crop, they could lure pests to lay their eggs on the weed and not the crop.
Health risks
The results of tests on animals exposed to GM crops give serious cause for concern. In 1998, Scottish scientists found damage to every single internal organ in rats fed blight-resistant GM potatoes. In a 2006 experiment, female rats fed on herbicide resistant soybeans gave birth to severely stunted pups, of which half died within three weeks. The survivors were sterile.
Image taken from non-gmoreport.com
That same year, Indian news agencies reported that thousands of sheep allowed to graze on BT cotton crop residues had died suddenly. Further livestock deaths followed in 2007.
There have also been reports of allergy-like symptoms amongst Indian laborers in BT cotton fields. The only trial ever to involve human beings appeared to show in 2002 that altered genetic material from GM soybeans not only survives in the human gut, but may even pass its genetic material to bacteria within the digestive system.
In 2012 a widely publicized French study found multiple tumors in rats fed on a lifetime diet of GM maize.
Left hungry
GM crops have always come with promises of increased yields, but this has rarely been the case. A three-year study of 87 villages in India found that non-BT cotton consistently produced 30% higher yields than the (more expensive) GM alternative.
It is now widely accepted that GM soybeans produce consistently lower yields than conventional varieties. In 1992, Monsanto’s own trials showed that the company’s Roundup Ready soybeans yield 11.5% less on harvest. Later Monsanto studies found some trials of GM canola crops in Australia actually produced yields 16% below the non-GM national average.
Wedded to fertilizers and fossil fuels
No GM crops have not yet reduced the need for chemical fertilizers in order to achieve expected yields. Although much has been made of the possibility of splicing nitrogen-fixing genes into commercial food crops in order to boost yields, there has so far been little success.
This means that GM crops are just as dependent on fossil fuels to make fertilizers as conventional agriculture. In addition, GM traits are often specifically designed to fit with large-scale industrial agriculture.
Herbicide resistance is of no real benefit unless your farm is too vast to weed mechanically, and it presumes the farmers already farm in a way which involves chemical spraying. Similarly BT toxin expression is designed to counteract the problem of pest control in vast monocultures, which encourage infestations. In a world which will soon have to change its view of farming, GM crops will look like a relic of bygone practices.
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